Notes on:
Long-Term Non-Operating Reliability of Electronic ProductsPecht & Pecht |
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Long-Term Non-Operating Reliability of Electronic Products, Judy Pecht & Michael Pecht, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1995. (119 pages).
This book provides an overview of the area of long-term non-operating reliability. It is not a data source book, but rather a discussion of the various factors of concern. In particular, chapter 2 briefly discusses five different approaches to evaluating non-operating reliability. They conclude that all the methods except the "physics-based" approach are inadequate (including RAD-TR-85-91 and its offshoot NRD87). But, the physics-based approach seems to require substantially more investment in effort than the other, more "cook-book" approaches.
This book is particularly interesting because it provides a broad overview of the failure mechanisms that degrade non-operational reliability. Table 9.A on page 101 gives a list of failure mechanisms and the parameters that influence failure rates. However, the use of a physics-based approach has not yet been widely adopted by industry.
Topic coverage: (*** = emphasized; ** = discussed with some detail; * = mentioned)
*** | Dependability | *** | Electronic Hardware | Requirements | |||||
Safety | Software | ** | Design | ||||||
Security | Electro-Mechanical Hardware | Manufacturing | |||||||
Scalability | Control Algorithms | Deployment | |||||||
Latency | Humans | *** | Logistics | ||||||
Affordability | Society/Institutions | Retirement |
Publisher Comments:
In today's electronic environment, operating reliability for continued daily use of electronic products is essential. This book discusses the reliability of products that lie dormant for long periods of time and are subject to stresses such as humidity, ionic contaminants, temperature, radiation, shock, and vibration. Non-operating reliability is especially critical for life-saving electronic products such as fire alarm systems, standby power sources, and burglar alarms. Air bags in automobiles, earthquake alarm systems, and radiation warning systems in nuclear power plants are also covered. This physics-of-failure approach is also important to maintaining defense hardware such as missiles and munitions systems which often lie dormant for years before being deployed on very short notice.
Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Non-Operating Environment 1 1.2 Non-Operating Environments 2 1.3 Geographic Impact 7 1.4 Dormancy Environment Parameters and Values 11 1.5 Failure Mechanisms 11 Chapter 2 Non-Operating Reliability Assessment 15 2.1 The RADC-TR-85-91 Method 15 2.2 MIL-HDBK-217 "Zero Electrical Stress" Approach 16 2.3 The "K" Factor Approach 16 2.4 The Martin-Marietta Test Program 17 2.5 The Physics-Based Approach 18 Chapter 3 Electrical Failure Mechanisms 23 3.1 Electrostatic Discharge 23 3.2 Contamination-Induced Parameter Degradation 27 Chapter 4 Corrosion Failure Mechanisms 29 4.1 Corrosion Due to Moisture Ingress 30 4.2 Loss of Hermeticity 33 4.3 Corrosion Due to Contaminants 35 4.4 Corrosion Due to Defects in Passivation 38 4.5 Galvanic Corrosion 39 4.6 Crevice Corrosion 40 4.7 Pitting Corrosion 41 4.8 Surface Oxidation 41 4.9 Stress Corrosion 42 4.10 Corrosion Due to Microorganisms 43 4.11 Corrosion Protection 44 Chapter 5 Radiation Failure Mechanisms 49 5.1 Mechanical Degradation 52 5.2 Gamma and Neutron Heating 55 5.3 Insulation Degradation 56 5.4 Electrical Degradation and Single-Event Upset 56 5.5 Radiation Damage Due to Alpha Particles 57 5.6 Radiation Shielding 59 Chapter 6 Mechanical Failure Mechanisms 61 6.1 Failures Induced by Temperature 61 6.2 Failure Induced by Shock and Vibration 63 6.3 Failure Induced by Sand and Dust 66 Chapter 7 Long-Term Non-Operating Reliability of Selected Electronic Products 69 7.1 Microelectronic Components 69 7.2 Millimeter Wave Components 79 7.3 Infrared Components 82 7.4 Printed Circuit Boards and Solder Joints 87 7.5 Cables and Batteries 88 Chapter 8 Testing and Maintenance 89 8.1 Testing 89 8.2 Tests to Address Non-Operating Conditions 91 8.3 Maintenance 92 Chapter 9 A Framework for Non-Operating Reliability Assessment 95 9.1 Elements of the Framework 95 9.2 Non-Operating Reliability Simulation Example 99
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Philip Koopman: koopman@cmu.edu