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Conclusion

  The real world presents a number of challenges to the successful use of watermarking for copyright control. Account must be taken of the natural limitations of watermarking, vulnerabilities in the specific watermarking method used, and weaknesses in the system that employs it. Even with both a secure watermarking method and a secure system that uses that method, there is no guarantee of successfully controlling copyright. A watermarking system is only as good as the legal system it is tied to; if third parties do not abide by that legal system, the copyright holder has no recourse to justice.

Often end users have unrealistic expectations of the strength of the watermarking process - they expect it to be infallible. In fact, with sufficiently small images it is impossible to guarantee that a watermark will be retained. As we have pointed out, to some extent these problems can be overcome by good user-interface design. However, watermarks should still be seen as aid to efficiently tracking copyright violations, rather than as a secure means of asserting copyright.

A real-world watermarking system should be robust in the face of image transformations, but must handle particularly common transformations (scaling and compression) best of all. The system must also be clear in its design goals: using a single watermark scheme for multiple purposes will lead to security compromises. Unfortunately the currently available commercial watermark systems fall some way short of these goals.


next up previous
Next: References Up: Digital Image Watermarking in Previous: Improvements on the schemes
Adrian Perrig
1/15/1998